References
Annas G. Protecting patients from discrimination: the Americans with Disabilities Act and HIV infection. N Engl J Med. 1998;339:1255-9.
Bayer R. Clinical progress and the future of HIV exceptionalism. Arch Intern Med. 1999;159:1042-8.
Brown L, Macintyre K, Trujillo L. Interventions to reduce HIV/AIDS stigma: what have we learned? AIDS Educ Prev. 2003;15(1):49-69.
Brown L, Trujillo L, MacIntyre K. Interventions to reduce HIV/AIDS stigma: what have we learned? Horizons Program, Tulane University. September 2001. Available at: http://www.popcouncil.org/pdfs/horizons/ litrvwstigdisc.pdf. Accessed July 17, 2003.
Burris S. Studying the legal management of HIV-related stigma. Am Behav Scientist. 1999;42(7):1229-43.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. HIV-related knowledge and stigma—United States, 2000. MMWR. 2000;49(47):1062-4.
Chesney MA, Smith AW. Critical delays in HIV testing and care: the potential role of stigma. Am Behav Scientist. 1999;42(7):1162-74.
Coates TJ, Moore SF, McKusick L. Behavioral consequences of AIDS antibody testing among gay men. JAMA. 1987;258:1889.
Durham JD. The changing HIV/AIDS epidemic: emerging psychosocial challenges for nurses. Nurs Clin North Am. 1994;29:9-18.
Fehrs LJ, et al. Trial of anonymous versus confidential human immunodeficiency virus testing. Lancet. 1988;2(8607):379-82.
Gerbert B, Maguire BT, Bleeker T, Coates TJ, McPhee SJ. Primary care physicians and AIDS: attitudinal and structural barriers to care. JAMA. 1991:266:2837-42.
Gerbert B, Sumser J, Maguire BT. The impact of who you know and where you live on opinions about AIDS and health care. Social Science and Medicine. 1991;32:677-81.
Gielen AC, O’Campo P, Faden RR, Eke A. Women’s disclosure of HIV status: experiences of mistreatment and violence in an urban setting. Women’s Health. 1997;25:19-31.
Goffman E. Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1963.
Herek GM. AIDS and stigma. Am Behav Scientist. 1999;42(7):1106-16. Available at: http:// psychology.ucdavis.edu/rainbow/html/bibabs.html.
Herek GM. Illness, stigma and AIDS. In: VandenBos GR, ed. Psychological Aspects of Serious Illness. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association; 1990.
Herek GM, Capitanio JP. AIDS stigma and sexual prejudice Am Behav Scientist. 1999;42(7):1126-43.
Herek GM, Capitanio JP. Symbolic prejudice or fear of infection? A functional analysis of AIDS-related stigma among heterosexual adults. Basic App Soc Psychol. 1998;20(3):230-41.
Herek GM, Capitanio JP. AIDS stigma and contact with persons with AIDS: effects of direct and vicarious contact. J Appl Soc Psychol. 1997;27(1):1-36.
Herek GM, Capitanio JP. Public reactions to AIDS in the United States: a second decade of stigma. Am J Public Health. 1993;83(4):574-7.
Herek GM, Capitanio JP, Widaman KF. HIV-related stigma and knowledge in the United States: prevalence and trends, 1991–1999. Am J Public Health. 2002;92(3):371-7.
Herek GM, Gillis JR, Cogan J. Psychological sequelae of hate crime victimization among lesbian, gay, and bisexual adults. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1999;67(6) 945-51.
Herek GM, et al. AIDS and stigma: a conceptual framework and research. AIDS Public Policy J. 1998;13(1):36-47.
Institute of Medicine. No Time to Lose: Getting More from HIV Prevention. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 2001.
Ironson G, et al. Changes in immune and psychological measures as a function of anticipation and reaction to news of HIV-1 antibody status. Psychosom Med. 1990;52:247-70.
Johnson WD, Sy FS, Jackson KC. The impact of mandatory reporting on HIV seropositive persons in South Carolina. Paper presented at the 4th International Conference on AIDS, Stockholm, Sweden; 1988, June.
Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS). A Conceptual Framework and Basis for Action: HIV/AIDS Stigma and Discrimination. Geneva, Switzerland: UNAIDS; 2002.
Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS). HIV-related human rights guidelines. In: Together We Can. Geneva, Switzerland: UNAIDS; 2001, p. 17.
Jones EE, Farina A, Hastorf AH, Markus H, Miller DT, Scott RA. Social Stigma: The Psychology of Marked Relationships. New York: W.H. Freeman, 1984.
The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation, Policy Brief: Critical Policy Challenges in the Third Decade of the HIV/AIDS Epidemic. Menlo Park, CA: The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation; 2002.
Kaiser Health Poll Report. Relationship between stigma and HIV testing, 2000. Available at: http://www.kff.org/healthpollreport.
Klein SJ, Karchner WD, O’Connell DA. Interventions to prevent HIV-related stigma and discrimination: findings and recommendations for public health practice. J Public Health Manage Pract. 2002;8(6):44-53.
Link BG, Phelan JC. Conceptualizing stigma. Annu Rev Sociol. 2001;27:363-85.
Myers T, Orr KW, Locker D, Jackson EA. Factors affecting gay and bisexual men’s decisions and intentions to seek HIV testing. Am J Public Health. 1993;83:701-4.
Omoto AM, Snyder M, Crain AL. Hurt because you help: stigmatization as a barrier to social action. Unpublished manuscript. Lawrence: University of Kansas; 1998.
Ostrow DG, et al. HIV-related symptoms and psychological functioning in a cohort of homosexual men. Am J Psychiatry. 1989;146:737-42.
Perry S, Jacobsberg LB, Fishman B, Weiler P, Gold JWM, Frances A. Psychological responses to serological testing for HIV. AIDS. 1990;4:145-52.
Rozin P, Markwith M, McCauly C. Sensitivity to indirect contacts with other persons: AIDS aversion as a composite of aversion to strangers, infection, moral taint, and misfortune. J Abnorm Psychol. 1994;103(3):495-503.
Snyder M, Omoto AM, Crain AL. Punished for their good deeds: stigmatization for AIDS volunteers. Am Behav Scientist. 1999;42(7):1175-92.
Stall R, et al. Decisions to get HIV tested and to accept antiretroviral therapies among gay/bisexual men: implications for secondary prevention efforts. J Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes Hum Retrovirology. 1996;11:151-60.
Stoddard T. Don’t call it AIDS: HIV disease is more appropriate. The New York Times. 1994 Aug 17; Sect. A: 15.
Vlahov D, et al. Violence among women with or at risk for HIV infection. AIDS Behav. 1998;2(1):53-60.
Weinberger M, Conover CJ, Samsa GP, Greenberg SM. Physicians’ attitudes and practices regarding treatment of HIV-infected patients. South Med J. 1992;85:683-6.
Zierler S. Hitting hard: HIV and violence. In: Manlowe J, Goldstein M, eds. Gender politics of HIV. New York: New York University Press; 1997.
Zierler S, Krieger N. Reframing women’s risk: social inequalities and HIV infection. Annu Rev Public Health. 1997;18:401-36.
Zierler S, Witbeck B, Mayer K. Sexual violence, women and HIV infection. Am J Prev Med. 1996;12:304-10.
Zierler S, et al. Violence victimization after HIV infection in a U.S. probability sample of adult patients in primary care. Am J Public Health. 2000;90(2):208-14.
